Feminist Knowledge | Bibliography: African Women's Studies II
Following an earlier focus on women's roles and statuses, more recent studies have turned to the intricacies of gendered dynamics in state formation. Scholars like Susan Geiger (1997) have revisited earlier narratives of nationalist struggle to explore the gendering of African nationalisms as well as the centrality of masculinity in ostensibly national processes. The tradition of writings on women's participation in nationalist struggles produced from the eighties tended to celebrate women's neglected contributions to anti-colonial resistance.
More recent studies, concerned with the continuing marginalisation of women in postcolonial societies, focus on the extent to which women, irrespective of their powerful modes of mobilisation and activism, were consistently sidelined in struggles against colonialism. Nhongo-Simbanegavi's For Better Or Worse? Women and ZANLA in Zimbabwe's Liberation Struggle, challenges the idea that the nationalist movements created spaces for powerful women's organisations by exploring women's feminised roles during the build-up to independence. Recent scholars like Tamale (1999), Karam (1998) and Budlender (1999) have also focused on women's participation in the postcolonial state apparatus.
Many of the publications generated by women's organisations between the mid-nineties and the present-day focus on practical strategies for enhancing women's political participation in the male-centred sphere of postcolonial politics. An example is the Emang Basadi Women's Association's Women's Guide to Campaign Management (1999), a booklet growing out of the Emang Basadi Women's Association, a Botswanan organisation started in 1986 to address women's unequal opportunities. Incorporating strong practical components, and a realistic recognition of the limited opportunities for women in politics, studies like these differ fundamentally from earlier publications produced by organisations that tended to celebrate women's political roles.
Implicit
in work dealing with women's marginalisation are varying forms of attention
to or engagement with questions of masculinity. But systematic and explicit
feminist explorations of masculinities in African contexts continue to be a
resonant yet neglected gap in research. A study like Ntarangwi's “Feminism and
Masculinity in an African Capitalist context: The Case of Kenya" (1998)
therefore signals a crucial development in the expansion of feminist scholarship
on different relations, identities and political and cultural processes.
Dambe, R. 2000. The National Machinery for the Advancement of Women: The Botswana Experience. Accra: Third World Network-Africa.
Derryck, V. 1997. "Women, Political Participation and Empowerment: An African Women's Agenda for the 21st Century", in Aderinwale, A., ed. Empowering Women for the 21st Century: The Challenges of Politics, Business, Development and Leadership. Accra: African Leadership Forum (ALF) Publications.
Dukor, M. 1998. "How to Empower Women", in Dukor, M. ed. Philosophy and Politics: Discourse on Values and Power in Africa. Lagos: Obaroh and Ogbinaka Publishers.
Dzotsi, K. 1997. "Making Gender Policies: Challenges of a Cross-Gender Approach", in Aderinwale, A. ed. Empowering Women for the 21st Century: The Challenges of Politics, Business, Development and Leadership. Accra: African Leadership Forum (ALF) Publications.
Emang Basadi Women's Association. 1999. A Woman Candidate's Guide to Campaign Management. Gabarone, Botswana: Lightbooks Publishers.
European Parliamentarians for Africa and United Nations Development Programme and African European Institute. 1998. Gender Balance and Good Governance: African-European Dialogue on Women in Decision-Making. Amsterdam: AWEPA/African European Institute.
Fall, Y. 1997. "Gender Relations in the Democratization Process: An Analysis of Agrarian Policies in Africa." Issue, 25, 2:8–11.
Fox, D. J. and Hasci, N. A. Eds. 1999. The Challenges of Women's Activism and Human Rights in Africa. New York: Edwin Mellen Press.
Galloy, M. R. 1999. “The Electoral Process and Women Contestants: Identifying Obstacles in the Congolese Experience”, in McFadden, P. ed. Reflections on Gender Issues in Africa. Harare, Zimbabwe: SAPES Books.
Geiger, S. 1997. TANU Women: Gender and Culture in the Making of Tanganyikan Nationalism, 1955–1965. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, Oxford: James Currey.
Gouws, A. 1996. "The Rise of the Femocrat." Agenda, 30.
Gyekye, L. et al. 1998. Women in Public Life in Ghana. Legon, Ghana: Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research (ISSER).
Hale, S. 1996. Gender Politics in Sudan: Islamism, Socialism and the State. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
Hirschmann, D. 1998. "Civil Society in South Africa: Learning from Gender Themes." World Development, V, 2:227–238.
Jazairy, I. 1997. "Evolving Gender Sensitive Policies and Programmes", in Aderinwale, A. ed. Empowering Women for the 21st Century: The Challenges of Politics, Business, Development and Leadership. Accra: African Leadership Forum (ALF) Publications.
Johnson-Odim, C. 1996. "Mirror Images and Shared Standpoints: Black Women in Africa and in the African Diaspora." Issue, 24, 2 (Fall).
Kakwenzire, J. 1996. "Preconditions for Demarginalizing Women and Youth in Ugandan Politics", in Oloka-Onyango, J. ed. Law and the Struggle for Democracy in Africa. Nairobi: Claripress.
Karam, A. 1998. Women, Islamisms and the State: Contemporary Feminisms in Egypt. London: MacMillan.
Kibwana, K. and Peter, C. Eds. Law and the Struggle for Democracy in East Africa. Nairobi: Claripress.
Kinuthia-Njenga, C. 1996. "Civil Society: New Roles for African Traditions, NGOs, Women and Youth." Development, 3:24–27.
Larbi, M. 2000. "New Gender Perspectives for the Millennium: Challenges and Successful Models of North-South Collaboration." West Africa Review, 2,1 (August 2000). http://www.westafricareview.com/war/vol2.1/larbi.html.
Liebenberg, S. 1997. "A Theoretical Overview of the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)." SAFERE: Southern African Feminist Review. 2, 2:27–35.
Longwe, S. 2000. "Towards Realistic Strategies for Women's Political Empowerment in Africa." Gender and Development, 8, 3, November:24–30.
McFadden, P. 1998. "African Women and the Challenges of Leadership Development", in Aderinwale, A. ed. Communication and Leadership for Empowerment: Summary Report and Papers Presented at the Africa Women's Forum. Abeokuta, Nigeria: Africa Leadership Forum.
Made, P. 1996. "Defining an African Women's Agenda Beyond Beijing." African Journal of Political Science,
1, 1 June:73–83.
Makan, V. 1997. "Women in Africa: Women's Movements and the State." Agenda, 34:80–88.
Makini, Z. and Campbell, R. 1996. "Pan African Women Organising for the Future: The Formation of the Pan African Women's Liberation Organisation and Beyond." African Journal of Political Science, 1, 1 June:45–57.
Mama, A. 2000. Feminism and the State in Nigeria: The National Machinery for Women. Accra: Third World Network-Africa.
Matemba, M. 2002. Gender, Politics and Constitution Making in Uganda. Kampala: Fountain Publishers.
Meena, R. The National Machinery for the Advancement of Women in Tanzania. Accra: Third World Network-Africa. National Machinery Series 10.
Mehdid, M. 1996. “En-Gendering the Nation-State: Women, Patriarchy and Politics in Algeria”, in Lievesley, G. and Rai, S. M. eds. Women and The State: International Perspectives. London: Taylor and Francis.
Mugyenyi, M. 1998. "Towards the Empowerment of Women: A Critique of NRM Policies and Programmes", in Hansen, H. and Twaddle, M. eds. Developing Uganda. London: James Currey.
Mukwaya, J. 1997. "Limitations Faced by Women in Their Quest for Political Participation and Ascendancy", in Aderinwale, A. ed. Empowering Women for the 21st Century: The Challenges of Politics, Business, Development and Leadership. Accra: African Leadership Forum (ALF) Publications.
Mwaura, P. 1999. "Women in the Democratization Process", in Magesa, L. and Nthamburi, Z. eds. Democracy and Reconciliation: A Challenge for African Christianity. Nairobi: Acton Publishers.
Nhongo-Simbanegavi, J. 2000. For Better or Worse? Women and ZANLA in Zimbabwe's Liberation Struggle. Harare, Zimbabwe: Weaver Press.
Ntarangwi, M. 1998. "Feminism and Masculinity in an African Capitalist Context: The Case of Kenya." SAFERE, 3, 1:19–32.
Nzongola-Ntalaja, G. and Lee, M. Eds. The State and Democracy in Africa. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
Ofei-Aboagye, E. 2000. The Role of National Machinery in Implementing the Beijing Platform for Action. Accra: Third World Network-Africa.
Osinulu, C. and Mba, N. Eds. 1996. Nigerian Women in Poitics, 1986–1993. Ikeja, Nigeria: Malthouse Press.
Rai, S. M. 1996. “Women and the State in the Third World: Some Issues for Debate”, in Lievesley, G. and Rai, S. M. eds. Women and The State: International Perspectives. London: Taylor and Francis.
Rai, S. and Lievesley, L. Eds. 1996. Women and the State: International Perspectives. London: Taylor & Francis.
Reynolds, A. 1999. Women in African Legislatures and Executives: The Slow Climb to Power. Auckland Park, South Africa: Electoral Institute of South Africa (EISA).
Rwebangira, M. 1996. The Legal Status of Women and Poverty in Tanzania. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet.
Stewart, M. 1996. “Should Women Give Up on the State?: The African Experience”, in Lievesley, G. and Rai, S. M. eds. Women and The State: International Perspectives. London: Taylor and Francis.
Tamale, S. 1996. "Democratization in Uganda: A Feminist Perspective", in Oloka-Onyango, J. ed. Law and the Struggle for Democracy in East Africa. Nairobi: Claripress.
Tamale, S. 1999. "Towards Legitimate Governance in Africa: The Case of Affirmative Action and Parliamentary Politics in Uganda", in Quashigah, E. and Okafor, O. eds. Legitimate Governance in Africa: International and Domestic Legal Perspectives. The Hague/London/Boston: Kluwer Law International.
Tamale, S. 1999. When Hens Begin to Crow: Gender and Parliamentary Politics in Uganda. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
Tamale, S. 2000. "`Point of Order, Mr. Speaker': African Women Claiming Their Space in Parliament." Gender and Development, 8, 3, November:8–15.
Taylor, V., Mager, A. and Cardoso, P. Eds. 2000. Cracks in the Edifice: Critical African Feminist Perspectives on Women and Governance. Cape Town: University of Cape Town, SADEP.
Tripp, A. 1998. "Expanding 'Civil Society': Women and Political Space in Contemporary Uganda." Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, 36, 2:84–107.
Tripp, A. 1998. "Local Women's Associations and Politics in Contemporary Uganda", in Hansen, H. and Twaddle, M. eds. Developing Uganda. London: James Currey.
Tripp, A. 1998. "Participation and Institutional Autonomy: Local Women's Associations in Contemporary Uganda", in Hansen, H. and Twaddle, M. eds. Developing Uganda. London: James Currey.
Tripp, A. 2000. Women and Politics in Uganda. Oxford: James Currey; Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press; Kampala: Fountain Publishers.
Tripp, A. and Kwesiga, J. eds. The Women’s Movement in Uganda: History, Challenges and Prospects. Kampala: Fountain Publishers.
Tsikata, D. 2000. Lip Service and Peanuts: The State and National Machinery for Women in Africa. Accra: Third World Network - Africa. National Machinery Series 11.
United Nations Development Programme. 1996. Women in Africa: Profiles of Leadership: A Mandate for Change. New York: United Nations Development Programme. Regional Bureau for Africa.
Waetjen, T. 1999. "The Home in Homeland: Gender, National Space and Inkatha's Politics of Ethnicity." Ethnic and Racial Studies, 22, 4.
Wangusa, H. 2000. The National Machinery for Women in Uganda. Accra: Third World Network-Africa.
Zimbabwe Women's Resource Centre and Network (ZWRCN). 2000. The National Machinery for Women in Zimbabwe: An NGO Assessment. Accra: Third World Network-Africa.