Feminist Knowledge | Bibliography: African Women's Studies I

History and Social Transformation  

African feminist historiography between the eighties and nineties focused on the urgency of “herstory" as a strategy for redressing hegemonic male narratives and masculinist nationalism in canonised traditions of African history. But many early histories of African women were untheorised and general. An emerging focus on social history and particular regional processes by scholars such as Awe (1991), Becker (1993), Johnson-Odim (1986; 1992) and Moore and Vaughan (1994), highlights the intersecting relations and processes that confront women in particular sites and regions. 

A particularly suggestive historical exploration of women in the pre-colonial, colonial and postcolonial periods is Marnia Lazreg's study of Algerian women (1994), which develops a theoretically nuanced and empirically comprehensive exploration of Algerian women's changing experiences and subjectivities.

Important theoretical and methodological exploration has occurred in relation to pivotal historical events. Thus the Igbo Women's War, extensively discussed in Akpan and Ekpos' work in 1988 and Dike's The Women's Revolt of 1929: Proceedings of a National Symposium (1995), initiate interpretations with important general consequences for studies of women and African history.

The scope of works examining history and social change increased considerably during the nineties. Authors not only dealt with intersecting social and economic systems, but also deployed insightful interdisciplinary paradigms. Diana Jeater's Marriage, Perversion and Power: The Construction of Moral Discourse in Southern Rhodesia, 1894–1930 (1993), is an interesting example of this. As the title suggests, Jeater combines anthropology, history and sociology to show how women were situated in relation to African and colonial patriarchies. While the careful analysis of local patterns in the town of Gweru is extremely perceptive, Jeater also develops an analysis, with far-reaching implications across disciplines, of the extent to which African and colonial patriarchal systems reinforced each other. Moore and Vaughan (1994) develop a multidisciplinary orientation  similar to Jeater's. Their Cutting Down Trees: Gender, Nutrition and Agricultural Change in the Northern Province of Zambia, 1890-1990, engages ecopolitics to explore women's productive and reproductive roles in the context of patriarchal and macro-economic processes.

A growing emphasis during the nineties on detail and transformation to explain women's movements and experiences remedied an earlier tendency to reduce African women to homogenous subjects. This attention to context and avoidance of generalisation is demonstrated in Pankhurst's Gender, Development and Identity: An Ethiopian Study (1992). Minutely exploring women's everyday lives, the study takes into consideration state policy, domestic life, marriage, motherhood, cultural values and religion in the region of Menz. In sharp contrast to the heavy generalisation of much earlier scholarship produced outside of Africa, this work powerfully illustrates the important shifts made by feminists, based in the west, who deal with African women and gender politics.  

Afigbo, A. E. 1989. "Widowhood Practices in Africa: A Preliminary Survey and Analysis." Widowhood Practices in Imo State: Proceedings of the Better Life Programme for Rural Women Workshop. Owerri, Nigeria: Better Life Programme for Rural Women.

Afolayan, F. 1992. "Women and Warfare in Yorubaland During the Nineteenth Century", in Falola, T. and Law, R. eds. Warfare and Diplomacy in Precolonial Nigeria. Madison: African Studies Program. University of Wisconsin.

Afonja, S. 1986. "Women, Power and Authority in Traditional Yoruba Society", in Dube, L., Leacock, E. and Ardener, S. eds. Visibility and Power: Essays on Women in Society and Development. Dehli: Oxford University Press.

Afonja, S. and Aina, O. I. Eds. 1995. Nigerian Women in Social Change. Ile-Ife, Nigeria: Obafemi Awolowo University,  Programme in Women's Studies.

Ahikire, J. 1994. Gender and History Reconsidered: A Quest into How to Recapture Women's History in Uganda. The Hague: Institute of Social Studies.

Akpan, E. and Ekpo, V. 1988. The Igbo Women's War of 1929: A Popular Uprising in South Eastern Nigeria. Calabar: The Government Printer.

Amoah, E. 1992. "Women, Culture and Change", in Kumekpor, M., Manuh, T. and Adomako, A. eds. Proceedings of the Gender Analysis Workshop. Legon: University of Ghana, Development and Women's Studies.

Ardayfio-Schandorf, E. 1993. "Gender and Geography in Africa", in Momsen, J. H. and Kinnaird, V. eds. Different Places, Different Voices: Gender and Development in Africa, Asia and Latin America. London: Routledge. 1993:11–14.

Armstrong, A. and Ncube, W. 1987. Women and Law in Southern Africa. Harare: Zimbabwe Publishing House.

Awe, B. 1991. "Writing Women into History: The Nigerian Experience", in Offen, K. et al. Writing Women's History: International Perspectives. London: Macmillan.

Awe, B. Ed. 1992. Nigerian Women in Historical Perspective. Benin/ Lagos: Sankore Publishers

Barnes, T. and Win, E. 1992. To Live a Better Life: An Oral History of Women in the City of Zimbabwe 1930–1970. Harare: Baobab Books.

Batezat, E. and Mwalo, M. 1989. Women in Zimbabwe. Harare: SAPES.

Beal, J. 1990. “Women and Indentured Labour in Colonial Natal, 1860-1911”, in Walker, C. ed. Women and Gender in Southern Africa to 1945: An Overview. Cape Town: David Philip.

Becker, H. 1993. Namibian Women's Movement 1980 to 1992: From Anti-Colonial Resistance to Reconstruction. Frankfurt, Germany: IKO Verlag fur Interkulturelle Kommunkiation.

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Callaway, H. 1987. Gender, Culture and Empire: European Women in Colonial Nigeria. London: St. Anthony's/Macmillan.

Callaway, H. 1993. "Purity and Exotica in Legitimating the Empire: Cultural Constructions of Gender Sexuality and Race", in Ranger, T. and Vaughan, O. eds.  Legitimacy and the State in Twentieth-Century Africa: Essays in Honour of A. H. M. Kirk-Greene. London: Macmillan, in Association With St. Antony's College, Oxford.

Callaway, B. 1987. Hausa Muslim Women in Nigeria: Tradition and Change. New York: Syracuse University Press.

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Cock, J. 1990. “Domestic Service and Education for Domesticity: The Incorporation of Xhosa Women into Colonial Society”, in Walker, C. ed. Women and Gender in Southern Africa to 1945: An Overview. Cape Town: David Philip.

Coles, C. and Mack, B. Eds. 1991. Hausa Women in the Twentieth Century. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

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Dike, C. Ed. 1995. The Women's Revolt of 1929: Proceedings of a National Symposium to Mark the 60th Anniversary of the Women's Uprising in South-Eastern Nigeria. Lagos: Nelag and Company Ltd.

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Hunt, N. 1990. "Domesticity and Colonialism in Belgian Africa: Usumbura's Foyer Social, 1946–1960." Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 15, 3:447-474.

Hyam, R. 1986. "Concubinage and the Colonial Service: The Crewe Circular (1909)." Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History,  14, 4:170–186.

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Jeater, D. 1993. Marriage, Perversion and Power: The Construction of Moral Discourse in Southern Rhodesia, 1894-1930. Oxford, Great Britain: Clarendon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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Johnson-Odim, C. 1986. "Class and Gender: A Consideration of Yoruba Women during the Colonial Period", in Robertson, C. and Berger, I. eds. Women and Class in Africa. New York: Africana Publishing Company.

Johnson-Odim, C. 1992. "On Behalf of Women and the Nation: Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti and the Struggles for Nigerian Independence and Women's Equality", in Johnson-Odim, C. and Strobel M. Expanding the Boundaries of Women's History. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.    

Johnson-Odim, C. and Strobel, M. 1989. "Conceptualizing the History of Women in Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean and the Middle East." Journal of Women's History, 1, 1 Spring:31–62.

Johnson-Odim, C. and Strobel, M. Eds. 1992. Expanding the Boundaries of Women's History. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.

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Lazreg, M. 1990. "Gender and Politics in Algeria: Unraveling the Religious Paradigms." Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 15, 4:755-780.

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Mba, N. 1982. Nigerian Women Mobilized: Women's Political Activity in Southern Nigeria, 1900-1965. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, Berkeley.

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